Health & Evidence Library
Guides to diabetes, metabolic risk, complications, screening, research interpretation, and practical prevention across the life course.
89 guides · Page 2 of 2
How low-grade inflammation in fat tissue links to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, explained in plain, honest terms.
How ICH M13A harmonizes fasting and fed bioequivalence study design across the US, EU, and Japan, and why it matters for global generic access.
Read TSH and free T4 as a pair, tell overt from subclinical patterns, and catch the biotin, illness, and timing artifacts that fake abnormal results.
How insulin, glucagon, the liver, and muscle hold blood sugar in a narrow range all day, and what type 2 diabetes disrupts in that loop.
How the 2023 international guideline diagnoses PCOS, when ultrasound or AMH is needed, and the age rules that guard against overdiagnosis.
How insulin therapy replaces a missing hormone by imitating the body's natural pattern of background and mealtime release, and why it deserves careful handling.
GLP-1 and GIP are gut hormones released after eating that prime insulin, steady glucose, and shape appetite as a coordinated pair.
How incretin drugs act on insulin, appetite, and gastric emptying, and how each action becomes an HbA1c, weight, or cardiovascular trial endpoint.
How Good Manufacturing Practice, batch records, and an independent quality unit turn an approved molecule into a dose you can trust.
How dexamethasone suppression, salivary, and urinary cortisol screening work, and why one abnormal test does not confirm Cushing syndrome.
Why some medicines pair two drugs in one product, the extra proof that pairing demands, and how regulators judge whether each ingredient earns its place.
What a drug label is, why the approved indication mirrors the trials that were run, and how on-label and off-label use differ in practice.
A companion diagnostic is a test paired with a drug to find who benefits or is harmed. Here is how the pairing is built and validated.
A section-by-section guide to what a clinical trial protocol contains and why fixing the rules in advance keeps the final answer honest.
How high-dose biotin supplements distort streptavidin-based thyroid immunoassays, producing a lab picture that mimics Graves disease.
High blood sugar can itself blunt insulin secretion and stress the beta cell, which is a central reason early glucose control pays off.
What the SELECT and FLOW trials actually tested about semaglutide's heart and kidney benefits, and how much is weight loss versus direct organ effects.
Epigenetics is how genes get turned up or down without changing the DNA letters, linking environment, early life, and diabetes risk.
A plain-language guide to the FDA's 2024 final guidance on trials with decentralized elements, what it permits and the safeguards it keeps in place.
Why levothyroxine stays first line for hypothyroidism, what T4 plus T3 and desiccated thyroid trials show, and where real uncertainty remains.
How voltage-gated calcium channels trigger insulin release, and why variation in genes such as CACNA1E is linked to type 2 diabetes risk.
The FDA has proposed dropping routine switching studies for interchangeable biosimilars, relying instead on analytical and pharmacokinetic evidence.
Biologics are large proteins grown in living cells and usually injected; pills are small molecules built by chemistry. One difference drives the rest.
Why generics of narrow therapeutic index drugs face a tighter, reference-scaled bioequivalence limit while highly variable drugs get a controlled wider one.
Beta-cell mass is how many insulin-making cells you have; function is how much each one secretes. In type 2 diabetes both decline, and they decline differently.
How guidelines use CT density and a dexamethasone test to triage an incidental adrenal nodule and define mild autonomous cortisol secretion.
Amylin is co-secreted with insulin, slows how fast glucose reaches the blood after meals, and signals fullness. Here is what this hormone does.
How adrenaline signaling tells the insulin-producing beta cell when to hold back, and why one receptor setting can nudge a person toward type 2 diabetes.
Why a single fixed TSH cutoff overdiagnoses subclinical hypothyroidism in older adults, and how age-specific reference ranges change who gets labeled.