Brain, aging, and sleep health
Restless Legs Syndrome: Iron First and the Dopamine-Agonist Caution
Restless legs syndrome: why current guidance checks iron and ferritin first, favors gabapentinoids, and treats dopamine agonists with caution.
Health & Evidence Library
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Evidence guides on neurologic symptoms, cognition, healthy aging, sleep, and the decisions that connect function with safety.
47 guides · Page 1 of 1
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Everyday Headaches: Tension-Type, Migraine, and Cluster
Tension-type, migraine, and cluster headaches differ in pain, timing, and triggers. Learn how to tell them apart and which red flags need urgent care.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Dizziness and Vertigo: BPPV and the Dix-Hallpike and Epley Maneuvers
Why the room spins when you lie down is often BPPV. How vertigo differs from lightheadedness, and how the Dix-Hallpike and Epley maneuvers work.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Deprescribing in Older Adults: How a Structured Polypharmacy Review Works
How deprescribing and a structured polypharmacy review work in older adults, when to stop medicines safely, and how to spot drug-caused symptoms.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Time Is Brain: What the Stroke Treatment Evidence Actually Shows
Stroke benefit generally falls with treatment delay, but eligibility depends on stroke type, imaging, severity, timing, and individual risk.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Large-Core Stroke Thrombectomy: What Changed
Trials from 2022 onward showed that selected large-core strokes can benefit from thrombectomy, informing expanded 2026 stroke guidance.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
VO2max and Mortality: What the Association Means
VO2max strongly predicts mortality, but cohort studies cannot prove that raising one person's score will extend that person's life.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
The Biology of Aging, Explained
The 12 hallmarks of aging organize molecular change, but they are not a longevity score. Learn what human trials, aging clocks, and geroscience can show.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
The Amyloid Hypothesis: Explained and Tested
Genetics, biomarkers, failed trials, lecanemab, and donanemab have all tested the amyloid hypothesis. Here is what the evidence supports and what remains open.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Tenecteplase Versus Alteplase: How the Noninferiority Trials Read
Multiple stroke trials found tenecteplase noninferior to alteplase. Learn what the margins, outcomes, populations, doses, and safety results actually establish.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Sleep Hygiene That Works: Screens, Caffeine, and Timing
Rank practical sleep habits by mechanism, test changes realistically, and know when sleep hygiene is not enough to treat a sleep disorder.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Sleep Apnea Signs: What Should Prompt an Evaluation?
Snoring is only one clue. Learn which sleep-apnea signs, risk patterns, daytime effects, and test results deserve clinical evaluation.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Shift Work and Sleep: Practical Risk Reduction
A practical plan for shift-work sleep, light, naps, caffeine, commuting, rotations, fatigue reporting, and when symptoms need care.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Senolytics and Cellular Senescence: Evidence Check
Human senolytic trials remain early. Learn what cellular senescence is, what small trials show, and why animal results do not prove healthier aging.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Sarcopenia: How Muscle Loss Became a Diagnosis
Learn how sarcopenia definitions combine muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, and why thresholds differ across groups.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Rapamycin for Aging: What Human Trials Actually Show
A critical review of human rapamycin and rapalog trials for aging-related outcomes, including PEARL, immune studies, safety limits, and unanswered questions.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Insomnia: What Actually Helps, with CBT-I First
Why CBT-I is first-line care for chronic insomnia, what it contains, where sleep habits fit, and when medicines or testing may help.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
How Much Sleep Do You Really Need?
Evidence-based sleep ranges by age, why individual need varies, and how duration, quality, timing, regularity, and function fit together.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Why CGRP Drugs Became First Line for Migraine Prevention
What the 2024 American Headache Society position statement changed about CGRP migraine prevention, and the evidence that moved these drugs to first line.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
The 2024 McDonald Criteria: How Multiple Sclerosis Is Diagnosed Now
How the 2024 McDonald criteria diagnose MS earlier using the optic nerve, the central vein sign, and kappa free light chains, with new safeguards against error.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: How the AAN Graded the Evidence
Why the AAN found several drug classes work about equally for painful diabetic neuropathy, and how OPTION-DM confirmed it head to head.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Night Shift Work and Cancer Risk: How IARC Graded the Evidence
Why IARC calls night shift work "probably carcinogenic," what Group 2A does and does not mean, and why the human cancer evidence is graded as limited.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Nerve Conduction Studies and EMG: What They Actually Measure
A plain-language guide to what nerve conduction studies and EMG measure, why they favor specificity, and how sensitivity and their limits shape a diagnosis.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
NAD Boosters: Evidence Versus Marketing
NR and NMN reliably raise blood NAD+ in trials, but no controlled study proves they slow aging, and legal status says nothing about benefit.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Mobile Stroke Units: Does Bringing the CT to the Patient Help
What the reperfusion and outcome evidence says about mobile stroke units, why the 2026 guideline endorses them, and the cost and access questions left open.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
How to Read an Alzheimer Drug Trial: CDR-SB and What Counts as Meaningful
A plain-language guide to the CDR-SB endpoint, lecanemab's 0.45-point result, and why "clinically meaningful" is still debated.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
How Perfusion Imaging Extended the Stroke Treatment Window
How the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials used perfusion imaging to select late stroke patients for thrombectomy, and why the criteria are narrow.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
How Much Protein Do Older Adults Actually Need?
The 0.8 g/kg RDA versus expert proposals of 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg for older adults, and what the evidence does and does not settle.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
How CGRP Drives Migraine: From Mechanism to Medicine
How a single neuropeptide, CGRP, moved from a lab curiosity to a validated migraine drug target, and why two different medicine classes now confirm the biology.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Healthspan Versus Lifespan, and Why the Difference Is the Point
Lifespan counts your years; healthspan counts the good ones. Why compressing illness into a short window matters more than any longevity product.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Grip Strength as a Biomarker of Aging
Handgrip strength predicts death more strongly than systolic blood pressure, but it reads underlying health rather than driving it. Here is how to use it well.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Established Status Epilepticus: What the ESETT Trial Settled
The ESETT trial showed three second-line seizure drugs work about equally, and a null comparative result turns out to be genuinely useful.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Closing a PFO After Unexplained Stroke: What the Trials Support
How RESPECT, CLOSE, REDUCE, and the RoPE score frame who benefits from PFO closure after an unexplained stroke under age 60.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Blood Tests for Alzheimer: What p-tau217 Can and Cannot Do
A plain-language look at the first FDA-cleared Alzheimer's blood test and the 2025 guideline, including who it is for and where it falls short.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Biological-Age and Epigenetic-Clock Tests: What They Actually Measure
What epigenetic clocks measure, how they are validated, and why a single biological-age result is not a personal lifespan verdict.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Bell Palsy: What the Steroid and Antiviral Evidence Shows
Why corticosteroids earn a strong recommendation for Bell palsy while antivirals do not, and how to read the guideline behind both verdicts.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Asymptomatic Carotid Narrowing: What CREST-2 Tells Us
What CREST-2 means for symptom-free carotid narrowing, and why the trial's low event rates matter more than which procedure "won.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Aspirin Plus Clopidogrel After Minor Stroke: Reading POINT and CHANCE
How pooled POINT and CHANCE data set the 21-day window for aspirin plus clopidogrel after minor stroke, and why bleeding risk drew the line
Brain, aging, and sleep health
ARIA: What Amyloid Antibody Brain Imaging Changes Mean
What ARIA edema and hemorrhage mean with lecanemab and donanemab, and how titration, APOE4 testing, and MRI monitoring lower the risk.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Vaccines That Matter More With Age: An Adult Guide
Which vaccines matter more with age? A calm guide to shingles, pneumococcal, enhanced flu, and RSV shots for older adults, and how to read the adult schedule.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Staying strong: exercise and protein for older adults
Exercise and protein for older adults rebuild muscle, cut fall risk, and protect independence. Here are the evidence-based numbers behind the guidelines.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Polypharmacy in older adults: when more medicines is a problem
When does polypharmacy in older adults become a problem? A plain guide to the risks of too many medicines, the Beers Criteria, and safe deprescribing.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Normal Aging vs Concerning Memory Changes: How to Tell
Normal aging vs concerning memory changes: how to tell everyday forgetfulness from dementia warning signs, what mimics dementia, and when to see a doctor.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Healthy Aging: What Actually Helps You Stay Well
Healthy aging is less about genetics than a few daily habits. See what the evidence says about movement, strength, sleep, connection, and prevention.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Falls Prevention for Older Adults: What Actually Works
Falls prevention for older adults works best with balance and strength exercise, a medication review, up-to-date vision, and home safety. Here is the evidence.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Age-Related Hearing and Vision Changes: What Actually Helps
Age-related hearing and vision changes touch falls, driving, mood, and memory. Here is what the evidence shows and the practical steps that help.
Brain, aging, and sleep health
Advance Care Planning: How to Start Early (and Why)
Advance care planning explained in plain language: what it is, how a healthcare proxy and living will differ, and how to start the conversation with family.